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 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 15.5 HEARSAY Rules : 1. We should avoid the following words from each sentence: Apparently People say They say that I am told that I have heard that. 2. We have to use is/am/are after each subject. 3. We should put Supposed to in each sentence after the subject. 4. We should use V1 after supposed to as:    is = be Are = be Am = be V5 = V1 Has = have V2 = have + V3 Was = have been Were = have been Had = have had 5. We have to put object as it is given Q. Change the following remarks using supposed to.  Structure : [Sub + is/am/are + supposed to + V1 + object.] 1. Apparently elephants have very long memories.             Elephants are supposed to have very long memories 2. People say it is unlucky to walk under a ladder.             It is supposed to be unlucky to walk under a ladder. 3. They say th...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 14.1 PREDICTION Q. Change the sentences below, using sure to, certain to, bound to, likely to and unlikely to: Rules: I’m sure = Sure to Will certainly, will definitely = bound to /certain to Will/will probably/ I I expect + will = likely to Probably won’t/ won’t, /I doubt if = unlikely to Structure :             Sub +is/am/are + (sure to/certain to/bound to/likely to/unlikely to) +V1 +Obj. 1. The price of bread will definitely go up within a few weeks.     The price of bread is bound to go up within a few weeks. 2. There will probably be more fighting in the capital.     There is likely to be more fighting in the capital. 3. He probably won’t arrive.     He is unlikely to arrive. 4. I expect there’ll be lots of people at the mee...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 13.1 WHEN... Q. Join the following remarks using when. Rules : [When + you + V1 + Obj] , [you have to + V1 + obj] [When you have +V3 + obj] , [you + V1 + Obj] 1. arrive/border          -           show/passport             When you arrive at the border, you have to show your passport.             When you have shown your passport, you can go ahead. 2. water/boil                -           pour/teapot             When you boil the water, you have to pour it into the teapot.             When you have poured it into the teapot, you put some sugar in it. 3. turn off/light                  ...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS UNIT 12 COMPARISON 12.3 COMPARING PRICES Rules:  Sub + comparative + than + obj.             A is as +adj+ as +B.             B is not + as +adj + as +A. To show more than: twice/two times, three times. To show less than : about, a little, a bit, 1. Tinned Peas: 25 p               frozen peas: 48 p             Frozen peas are nearly twice as expensive as tinned peas.             Frozen peas cost about twice as much as tinned peas.             Tinned peas cost about a half the price of frozen peas. 2. Cotton sheets: £14              silk sheets: £150             Cotton sheets are about an eleventh as expensive as sil...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 11.1 WHEN... Rules :             When is used with the past tense.             1. When + simple past, + simple past.                         When + [sub+V2 + obj], + [Sub +V2 + Obj] [if there is no gap between two events, or the second action is happened due to the reaction of the first event.]             2. When + simple past, + past perfect                         When + [sub +  had + V3 + obj], + [Sub + V2 + Obj] [If there is gap between two events, or the second event is happened when the first action is finished] 3. We should not write ‘and’ or ‘but’ between two clauses. We should put comma (,) between them. 4. If there is no subject in the second clause...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 10.1 I WISH & IF ONLY 1. I wish/if only is used to express our desire. 2. Wish can be expressed in three ways: 1) Would   2) could           3)   past tense         a) Would                 To express hope for help from others, we can use “would.”                  [ I wish someone would + V1 + me + Obj.]          b) Could                 To express the self hope to do something, we can use “could”                 [ I wish I could + V1 + obj.]          c) Past tense                 To express the hope of the different situation than the present, we ...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 9.1 INFORMATION QUESTIONS Rules : 1.  What = for things  What kind of …..? What size of….? What colour……?      How = for quantity     How many……..? How much……?      Which = for things      Which + object…………?     Whose = for relationship/ possession 2. We have to find out the “common name” of the three objects. 3. We should make the question on the same question in which it is given. 4. we should not put the part of answer. Structure :  [ Wh-word + common name + aux +sub + verb + obj?] 1. Are you having tomato/chicken/mushroom soup today?    What soup are we having today? 2. Was it raining/foggy/ cold when you were in London?    How was the weather when you were in London? 3. Are you planning to use your father’s car/Tony’s car/my car?   Whose car are you plannin...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 8.1 GOOD AND BAD EFFECTS Choose verbs from the list and write sentences which have been the same meaning as those below. Begin with the words given. Allow, enable, encourage, force, stop, prevent, discourage, save, make it easier, make it more difficult 1.      When they took the drug, it was more difficult for them to think rationally. The drug made it more difficult them to think rationally. 2.      When they took the drug, they didn’t worry about the future. The drug stopped them to worry about the future. 3.      When they took the drug they were able to forget all their problems. The drug enabled them to forget all their problems. 4.      When they took the drug they could relax and enjoy themselves more easily. The drug made it easier them to relax and enjoy themselves more easily. 5.      A...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS How to make V1             Is         = be             Are      = be             V5       =V1             Has      = have             Have    = have             V2       = have + V3             Was     = have been             Were    = have +V3             Had     =had been   7.1 MUST, MIGHT, MAY & CAN'T Rules : Must  =  I am sure              Sub + must + V1 + Obj. Can’t =  I am Sure + not     ...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 6.1 REPORTED SPEECH To change direct speech into indirect: 1. Change in RV                         Said = said that                         Said to = told             If it is question:                         Said/said to = asked             Imperative sentences:                         Said/said to =ordered, requested, commanded 2. Changes in RS             1. We should not use comma and inverted comma in the indirect speech S O N 1 2 3             2. Pronoun Change:  First Person (I, We) = Su Second person (yo...