Meanings Into Words
(Upper-Intermediate)STUDENT'S BOOK
HSEB
Class: XII
SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS
How to make V1
Is = be
Are = be
V5 =V1
Has = have
Have = have
V2 = have + V3
Was = have been
Were = have +V3
Had =had been
7.1 MUST, MIGHT, MAY & CAN'T
Rules:
Must = I am sure
Sub + must + V1 + Obj.
Can’t = I am Sure + not
Sub + can’t + V1 + Obj.
Must (P) & Can’t (N)
Sure, certain, confirm, obviously, convince
May/might
Perhaps, maybe, it is possible, in future, I think, probably
May/might = Perhaps
Sub + may/Might +V1 + Obj.
Perhaps + not
May not/Might not
Practice:
Change the sentences below, using must, can't and might/may.
1. I’m sure he is working.
He must be working.
2. Perhaps he is going to ask me.
He might be going to ask me.
3. I’m sure he is not French.
He can’t be French.
4. I’m sure they stole the money.
They must have stolen the money.
5. Perhaps he was listening.
He might have been listening.
6. I’m sure she was not at work.
She can’t have been at work.
7. Perhaps he went home.
He might have gone home.
8. Perhaps she is not coming.
She might not be coming.
9. I’m sure they weren’t camping.
They can’t have been camping.
10. Perhaps they haven’t finished.
They might not have finished.
11. Perhaps he was tired.
He might have been tired.
12. I’m sure she was feeling ill.
She must have been feeling ill.
13. I’m sure the snow’s melted.
The snow must have melted.
14. I’m sure they haven’t been waiting long.
They can’t have been waiting long.
7.2 WORKING IT OUT
Rule:
- Match first Side A questions with Side A answers.
- If it has positive reply, use MUST and if it gives negative reply use CAN’T with the questions.
- Then add the Side B answers with BECAUSE.
[Structure: Sub + must/can’t + V1 + obj + because + Side B snswer.]
1. Did he go abroad? = He hasn’t got passport.
He can’t have gone abroad because he hasn’t got a passport.
2. Has he been working hard? = He looks exhausted.
He can’t have been working hard because he looks exhausted.
3. Is he redecorating his house? = He had it done only a month ago.
He can’t be redecorating his house because he had it done only a month ago.
4. Is he an Indian? = He has got fair hair.
He can’t be an Indian because he has got fair hair.
5. Has the meat gone off? = It smells terrible.
The meat must have gone off because it smells terrible.
6. Is he talking on the phone? = The line’s engaged.
He can’t be talking on the phone because the line’s engaged.
7. Is the table an antique? = It only cost him £15.
The table can’t be antique because it only cost him £15.
8. Is it his birthday? = He got a lot of post this morning.
It must be his birthday because he got a lot of posts this morning.
9. Has he been made redundant? = He was only promoted last week.
He can’t have been made redundant because he was only promoted last week.
Q. Continue the sentences below with a deduction.
Rules:
A: given sentence
B: So + sub + must + V1 +obj.
So + sub + can’t + V1 + obj.
1. He has got a lovely suntan.
So he can’t be living indoors.
So he must have been sunbathing.
2. She is driving a Mercedes.
So she can’t be poor.
So she must be very rich.
3. They didn’t come to the party.
So they can’t have been free.
So they must have been very busy.
4. He isn’t wearing a uniform.
So he can’t be going to school.
So he must be going to market.
5. She speaks excellent French.
So she must be French
So she can’t be Nepali.
6. I can hear music next door.
So they must be dancing.
So they can’t be reading.
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