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  Waves in Pipes and Strings :  Organ Pipe :   A hollow tube which is used to produce sound by blowing air into it is called an organ pipe.  It is wind instrument. There are two types of organ pipe which are as follows.  1. Closed Organ Pipe : The organ pipes whose one end is closed and another end is open  is called a closed organ pipe. e.g. whistle, cap of pen, bottle, resonance tube etc. 2. Open Organ Pipe : The organ pipe whose both ends are open are called open organ  pipe. e.g. flute, clarinet etc.   Stationary Waves in Closed Organ Pipe   When a blast of air is blown into the closed organ pipe through its open-end, longitudinal  wave travels forward and gets reflected from the closed end. Due to superposition between  ongoing and reflected waves longitudinal stationary wave is formed in the pipe. There is  always a node at the closed end and an anti node at the open end. The lowest possible  frequency of v...

  Nature and Propagation of Light   Wave Theory of Light: The Subject of optics has been divided into two groups that are as  follows:   i. Ray Optics  ii. Wave Optics  Ray Optics assumed that light consist of rays. A ray of light is the straight line path followed  by light going from one point to another.  According to the wave theory of light, the light is the form of energy which transfer in a  medium in the form of transverse wave motion.  Wave Front:  According to wave theory of light, a source of light sends out disturbance in all direction in a  homogenous medium. The disturbance will reach in same phase to all the particles of the  medium located at the same distance from the source of light and hence at any instant, these  particle must be vibrating in phase with each other. The Locus of all such particle of the  medium vibrating in the same phase is called the wave front. Depending upon the shape ...

 Programming in C Introduction The computer needs a set of instructions to process data. A program is a sequence of instructions to perform a particular task. Collection of the program is called software. A programming language is a well-defined set of rules for specifying a program's sequence of instructions. Examples: C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, BASIC, Prolog, Pascal, etc. The source code is a sequence of instruction, written in a human-readable programming language. It constitutes a program or a piece of a program. A source file is a file of source code.

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 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 15.5 HEARSAY Rules : 1. We should avoid the following words from each sentence: Apparently People say They say that I am told that I have heard that. 2. We have to use is/am/are after each subject. 3. We should put Supposed to in each sentence after the subject. 4. We should use V1 after supposed to as:    is = be Are = be Am = be V5 = V1 Has = have V2 = have + V3 Was = have been Were = have been Had = have had 5. We have to put object as it is given Q. Change the following remarks using supposed to.  Structure : [Sub + is/am/are + supposed to + V1 + object.] 1. Apparently elephants have very long memories.             Elephants are supposed to have very long memories 2. People say it is unlucky to walk under a ladder.             It is supposed to be unlucky to walk under a ladder. 3. They say th...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 14.1 PREDICTION Q. Change the sentences below, using sure to, certain to, bound to, likely to and unlikely to: Rules: I’m sure = Sure to Will certainly, will definitely = bound to /certain to Will/will probably/ I I expect + will = likely to Probably won’t/ won’t, /I doubt if = unlikely to Structure :             Sub +is/am/are + (sure to/certain to/bound to/likely to/unlikely to) +V1 +Obj. 1. The price of bread will definitely go up within a few weeks.     The price of bread is bound to go up within a few weeks. 2. There will probably be more fighting in the capital.     There is likely to be more fighting in the capital. 3. He probably won’t arrive.     He is unlikely to arrive. 4. I expect there’ll be lots of people at the mee...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 13.1 WHEN... Q. Join the following remarks using when. Rules : [When + you + V1 + Obj] , [you have to + V1 + obj] [When you have +V3 + obj] , [you + V1 + Obj] 1. arrive/border          -           show/passport             When you arrive at the border, you have to show your passport.             When you have shown your passport, you can go ahead. 2. water/boil                -           pour/teapot             When you boil the water, you have to pour it into the teapot.             When you have poured it into the teapot, you put some sugar in it. 3. turn off/light                  ...