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 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 5.1 HOW LONG? Rules : 1. Activities : if the action is not complete and the actor could not show his achievement, that is activity.             Question: How long did + sub + v1 +obj + for?              Prepositions:   Period of time = for                                      Point of time = until 2. Achievement : If the action is complete and the actor could show his/her achievement what he/she had done, that is achievement.             Question: How long did it take + sub (objective form) + to + v1 + obj?       [he = him, she = her, they = them, I = you]             Prepositions:    Period of time = in   ...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 4.2 VERBS AND ADJECTIVES Q. Write the adjectival form of the verbs below. Rule :  Remember that only three verbs could be changed into adjective by adding “ive” All the other verbs should be made into adjectives by adding “ing”. Beware! You should not put the letter “e” at the end of the word while adding “ing”. Sometimes we should write double the last letter whiled adding “ing” as in “upsetting”. “Offend”, the word becomes “offensive” -IVE Verbs                           Adjectives Impress                       impressive *offend                        offensive attract                          attractive -ING Verbs ...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 3.2 PREVIOUS EVENTS Rule : A: Given sentence B: Why? What had happened?/ What had +Sub +done? A. Well, Sub + had + V3 +object, and +Sub +had +v3 + obj. Have similar conversation of the following remarks. a) When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.             A: When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.             B: Why? What had happened?             A: Well, he had grown beard, and he had kept long moustache. b) They sent both men to prison for 20 years.             A: They sent both men to prison for 20 years.             B: Why? What had happened?             A: Well, they had killed a man and robbed his house. c) The fireman received a medal for b...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 2.1 JUDGING FROM APPEARANCES * he/she/ it = looks * I/we/you/they = looks Rules : 1.      Adjective = look Sub + look (S) + adj. 2.      Noun = look like Sub + look(S) like + noun. 3.      Clause (Sub+V+obj) = look as if / look as though Sub + look(S) as if /look(S) as though + clause. Q. Make sentences using look, look like, look as if /look as though 1. [ It is about a man. So the subject is “He”] a) he needs a wash He looks as if he heeds a wash. b) rather aggressive He looks rather aggressive. c) a tramp He looks like a tramp. d) angry He looks angry. e) he is going to start a fight He looks as if he is going to start a fight. 2. [ It is about a machine. So the subject is “it”] a) terribly complicated It looks terribly complicated. b) it cost a lot It looks as if it cost a lot. c) very elegant It looks very elegant. d) som...

 Meanings Into Words (Upper-Intermediate) STUDENT'S BOOK HSEB Class: XII SCIENCE | MANAGEMENT | EDUCATION | ARTS 1.6. NEW EXPERIENCE Structure : This is the first time + sub + has/have + ever + V3 + obj. Sub + has/have +never + V3 + obj + before. Sub + is/am/are + not + used to + V4 + obj. Q. Continue the remarks below in three different ways as in the following example: Example :  I can’t get to sleep… a) This is the first time I have ever slept in a tent. b) I have never flown at night before. c) I’m not used to having siestas. Exercise :  1. My feet are killing me. a) This is the first time I have ever walked such a long distance. b) I have never climbed hill before. c) I am not used to walking on sand. 2. God, this is embarrassing…. a) This is the first time I have ever called for a speech. b) I have never failed in my exam before. c) I am not used to talking with the foreigners. 3. Do you think you could slow down a little?... a) This is the first time I have ever f...

Mechanical Wave Mechanical Wave: The wave which requires a material medium for its propagation is called a mechanical wave. e.g. sound wave is a longitudinal mechanical wave. When a longitudinal wave propagates in a medium, slight increase in pressure takes place at the region of compression and slight decrease in pressure takes place at the region of rarefaction, i.e. variation in pressure takes place in the medium during the propagation of longitudinal wave. So, it is also called a pressure wave. Velocity of Sound: Dimensional method: Experimentally it has been found that the velocity of sound din a medium depends upon the value of modulus of elasticity (E) and density (ρ) of medium. Let V ∝ E x and V ∝ ρ y , where x and y are the power to be determined. Combining above relations we get, V ∝ E x  ρ y or, V = kE x  ρ y           ........(i), where k is dimensionless constant. Replacing the physical quantities in above equatio...

Wave Motion Wave:  Wave is the transfer of energy in the form of disturbance produced in a medium. In wave motion there is no net displacement of the particles of the medium. The particles of the medium vibrate simple harmonically about their mean position and only energy is hande over from particle to particle. The property like elasticity and inertia are responsible for the propagation of wave in a medium. Types of Waves: Depending upon the modes of vibration of the particles of the medium, waves are divided into two types. Longitudinal Wave: The wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of propagation of wave is called longitudinal wave. It is propagated in the medium in the form of compression and rarefaction. Compression is the region of larger density whereas rarefaction is the region of smaller density in the medium due to propagation of wave. Ex: sound waves, compressional waves on spring etc. Fig:- Longitudinal Wave Transverse Wave: The wave in ...