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  Waves in Pipes and Strings :  Organ Pipe :   A hollow tube which is used to produce sound by blowing air into it is called an organ pipe.  It is wind instrument. There are two types of organ pipe which are as follows.  1. Closed Organ Pipe : The organ pipes whose one end is closed and another end is open  is called a closed organ pipe. e.g. whistle, cap of pen, bottle, resonance tube etc. 2. Open Organ Pipe : The organ pipe whose both ends are open are called open organ  pipe. e.g. flute, clarinet etc.   Stationary Waves in Closed Organ Pipe   When a blast of air is blown into the closed organ pipe through its open-end, longitudinal  wave travels forward and gets reflected from the closed end. Due to superposition between  ongoing and reflected waves longitudinal stationary wave is formed in the pipe. There is  always a node at the closed end and an anti node at the open end. The lowest possible  frequency of v...

  Nature and Propagation of Light   Wave Theory of Light: The Subject of optics has been divided into two groups that are as  follows:   i. Ray Optics  ii. Wave Optics  Ray Optics assumed that light consist of rays. A ray of light is the straight line path followed  by light going from one point to another.  According to the wave theory of light, the light is the form of energy which transfer in a  medium in the form of transverse wave motion.  Wave Front:  According to wave theory of light, a source of light sends out disturbance in all direction in a  homogenous medium. The disturbance will reach in same phase to all the particles of the  medium located at the same distance from the source of light and hence at any instant, these  particle must be vibrating in phase with each other. The Locus of all such particle of the  medium vibrating in the same phase is called the wave front. Depending upon the shape ...

 Programming in C Introduction The computer needs a set of instructions to process data. A program is a sequence of instructions to perform a particular task. Collection of the program is called software. A programming language is a well-defined set of rules for specifying a program's sequence of instructions. Examples: C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, BASIC, Prolog, Pascal, etc. The source code is a sequence of instruction, written in a human-readable programming language. It constitutes a program or a piece of a program. A source file is a file of source code.

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